Adam Popularity
See the full name profile on the Adam page.
Trend unknown
View as table
| Year | Rank |
|---|---|
| 2024 | #35 |
Demonstration dataSource: Office for National Statistics — Baby Names in England and Wales.Confidence: high.
See all England and Wales names · Source: Office for National Statistics — Baby Names in England and Wales
Popularity data
Official popularity data is available for 7 regions, from 1952 to 2025. Highest recorded position: #3 in Republic of Ireland in 2005.
| Year | Region | Category | Rank | Count per million | Confidence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | England and Wales | male | #35 | 1,410 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2025 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #72 | 113 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2024 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #57 | 130 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2023 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #65 | 118 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2022 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #47 | 152 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2021 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #52 | 163 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2020 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #50 | 171 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2019 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #40 | 189 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2018 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #46 | 182 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2017 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #43 | 189 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2016 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #43 | 191 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2015 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #41 | 201 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2014 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #44 | 201 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2013 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #43 | 204 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2012 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #55 | 187 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2011 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #49 | 187 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2010 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #35 | 237 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2009 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #48 | 194 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2008 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #37 | 235 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2007 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #37 | 250 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2006 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #31 | 277 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2005 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #33 | 267 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2004 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #39 | 221 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2003 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #30 | 294 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2002 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #32 | 275 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2001 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #32 | 295 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2000 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #29 | 319 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1999 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #28 | 319 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1998 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #31 | 321 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1997 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #26 | 355 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1996 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #26 | 385 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1995 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #26 | 399 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1994 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #24 | 417 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1993 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #27 | 429 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1992 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #20 | 482 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1991 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #18 | 501 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1990 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #17 | 598 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1989 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #14 | 659 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1988 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #12 | 690 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1987 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #11 | 721 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1986 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #10 | 756 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1985 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #10 | 879 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1984 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #8 | 948 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1983 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #8 | 951 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1982 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #7 | 1,012 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1981 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #9 | 1,001 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1980 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #7 | 957 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1979 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #7 | 885 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1978 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #9 | 841 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1977 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #8 | 808 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1976 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #9 | 835 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1975 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #10 | 865 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1974 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #11 | 853 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1973 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #11 | 827 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1972 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #13 | 864 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1971 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #18 | 667 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1970 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #23 | 486 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1969 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #26 | 380 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1968 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #27 | 356 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1967 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #42 | 215 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1966 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #47 | 198 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1965 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #44 | 208 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1964 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #56 | 164 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1963 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #59 | 161 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1962 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #64 | 130 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 1961 | New South Wales, Australia | male | #84 | 80 | Insufficient | Demonstration data |
| 2023 | New Zealand | male | #89 | 48 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2022 | New Zealand | male | #84 | 55 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2021 | New Zealand | male | #96 | 52 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2020 | New Zealand | male | #86 | 58 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2019 | New Zealand | male | #78 | 63 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2018 | New Zealand | male | #94 | 54 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2017 | New Zealand | male | #97 | 53 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2016 | New Zealand | male | #83 | 62 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2015 | New Zealand | male | #81 | 66 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2014 | New Zealand | male | #71 | 62 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2013 | New Zealand | male | #71 | 67 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2012 | New Zealand | male | #83 | 58 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2011 | New Zealand | male | #70 | 68 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2010 | New Zealand | male | #65 | 80 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2009 | New Zealand | male | #77 | 67 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2008 | New Zealand | male | #63 | 87 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2007 | New Zealand | male | #74 | 75 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2006 | New Zealand | male | #46 | 100 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2005 | New Zealand | male | #80 | 61 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2004 | New Zealand | male | #53 | 96 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2003 | New Zealand | male | #37 | 119 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2002 | New Zealand | male | #34 | 119 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2001 | New Zealand | male | #41 | 107 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2000 | New Zealand | male | #46 | 104 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1999 | New Zealand | male | #47 | 100 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1998 | New Zealand | male | #44 | 118 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1997 | New Zealand | male | #52 | 105 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1996 | New Zealand | male | #39 | 153 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1995 | New Zealand | male | #45 | 138 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1994 | New Zealand | male | #45 | 129 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1993 | New Zealand | male | #31 | 182 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1992 | New Zealand | male | #30 | 203 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1991 | New Zealand | male | #32 | 194 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1990 | New Zealand | male | #31 | 201 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1989 | New Zealand | male | #19 | 256 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1988 | New Zealand | male | #13 | 327 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1987 | New Zealand | male | #13 | 329 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1986 | New Zealand | male | #13 | 334 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1985 | New Zealand | male | #14 | 321 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1984 | New Zealand | male | #19 | 279 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1983 | New Zealand | male | #21 | 279 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1982 | New Zealand | male | #19 | 278 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1981 | New Zealand | male | #29 | 206 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1980 | New Zealand | male | #25 | 226 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1979 | New Zealand | male | #31 | 187 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1978 | New Zealand | male | #33 | 151 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1977 | New Zealand | male | #51 | 129 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1976 | New Zealand | male | #44 | 149 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1975 | New Zealand | male | #49 | 138 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1974 | New Zealand | male | #44 | 153 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1973 | New Zealand | male | #41 | 168 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1972 | New Zealand | male | #50 | 129 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1971 | New Zealand | male | #62 | 119 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1970 | New Zealand | male | #65 | 106 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1969 | New Zealand | male | #87 | 88 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1968 | New Zealand | male | #85 | 80 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1967 | New Zealand | male | #79 | 95 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1966 | New Zealand | male | #94 | 70 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1965 | New Zealand | male | #90 | 68 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2024 | Northern Ireland | male | #38 | 51 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2023 | Northern Ireland | male | #60 | 40 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2022 | Northern Ireland | male | #31 | 62 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2021 | Northern Ireland | male | #59 | 50 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2020 | Northern Ireland | male | #24 | 73 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2019 | Northern Ireland | male | #24 | 78 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2018 | Northern Ireland | male | #23 | 85 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2017 | Northern Ireland | male | #18 | 104 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2016 | Northern Ireland | male | #18 | 108 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2015 | Northern Ireland | male | #14 | 124 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2014 | Northern Ireland | male | #12 | 145 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2013 | Northern Ireland | male | #12 | 137 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2012 | Northern Ireland | male | #11 | 159 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2011 | Northern Ireland | male | #10 | 161 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2010 | Northern Ireland | male | #9 | 167 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2009 | Northern Ireland | male | #6 | 200 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2008 | Northern Ireland | male | #12 | 175 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2007 | Northern Ireland | male | #6 | 194 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2006 | Northern Ireland | male | #6 | 216 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2005 | Northern Ireland | male | #3 | 241 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2004 | Northern Ireland | male | #4 | 238 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2003 | Northern Ireland | male | #3 | 279 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2002 | Northern Ireland | male | #4 | 272 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2001 | Northern Ireland | male | #3 | 321 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2000 | Northern Ireland | male | #5 | 276 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1999 | Northern Ireland | male | #5 | 304 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1998 | Northern Ireland | male | #6 | 251 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1997 | Northern Ireland | male | #10 | 236 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2025 | Norway | male | #29 | 198 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2024 | Norway | male | #18 | 247 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2023 | Norway | male | #15 | 237 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2022 | Norway | male | #22 | 215 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2021 | Norway | male | #21 | 201 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2020 | Norway | male | #23 | 181 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2019 | Norway | male | #25 | 199 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2018 | Norway | male | #31 | 187 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2017 | Norway | male | #28 | 190 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2016 | Norway | male | #52 | 151 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2015 | Norway | male | #51 | 147 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2014 | Norway | male | #55 | 149 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2013 | Norway | male | #66 | 130 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2012 | Norway | male | #67 | 130 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2011 | Norway | male | #69 | 132 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2010 | Norway | male | #76 | 119 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2009 | Norway | male | #82 | 111 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2008 | Norway | male | #88 | 97 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2007 | Norway | male | #87 | 95 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2006 | Norway | male | #86 | 97 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2005 | Norway | male | #100 | 78 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2004 | Norway | male | #129 | 54 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2003 | Norway | male | #126 | 54 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2002 | Norway | male | #111 | 64 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2001 | Norway | male | #132 | 50 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2000 | Norway | male | #155 | 44 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1999 | Norway | male | #168 | 37 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1998 | Norway | male | #213 | 24 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1997 | Norway | male | #192 | 29 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1996 | Norway | male | #171 | 36 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1995 | Norway | male | #155 | 42 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1994 | Norway | male | #154 | 42 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1993 | Norway | male | #137 | 49 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1992 | Norway | male | #153 | 45 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1991 | Norway | male | #149 | 48 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1990 | Norway | male | #139 | 55 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1989 | Norway | male | #110 | 70 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1988 | Norway | male | #153 | 50 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1987 | Norway | male | #118 | 66 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1986 | Norway | male | #141 | 55 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1985 | Norway | male | #122 | 68 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1984 | Norway | male | #112 | 72 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1983 | Norway | male | #86 | 96 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1982 | Norway | male | #103 | 78 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1981 | Norway | male | #103 | 76 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1980 | Norway | male | #101 | 81 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1979 | Norway | male | #111 | 72 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1978 | Norway | male | #112 | 68 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1977 | Norway | male | #109 | 67 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1976 | Norway | male | #131 | 57 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1975 | Norway | male | #125 | 67 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1974 | Norway | male | #141 | 56 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1973 | Norway | male | #120 | 68 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1972 | Norway | male | #142 | 56 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1971 | Norway | male | #153 | 48 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1970 | Norway | male | #133 | 56 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1969 | Norway | male | #176 | 36 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1968 | Norway | male | #187 | 30 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1967 | Norway | male | #165 | 38 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1966 | Norway | male | #197 | 27 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1965 | Norway | male | #173 | 31 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1964 | Norway | male | #201 | 22 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1963 | Norway | male | #237 | 18 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1962 | Norway | male | #216 | 19 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1961 | Norway | male | #230 | 16 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1960 | Norway | male | #228 | 16 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1959 | Norway | male | #265 | 12 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1958 | Norway | male | #284 | 10 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1957 | Norway | male | #253 | 12 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1956 | Norway | male | #213 | 17 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1955 | Norway | male | #409 | 4 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1954 | Norway | male | #258 | 10 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1952 | Norway | male | #380 | 4 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2025 | Republic of Ireland | male | #20 | 191 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2024 | Republic of Ireland | male | #25 | 188 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2023 | Republic of Ireland | male | #23 | 201 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2022 | Republic of Ireland | male | #22 | 230 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2021 | Republic of Ireland | male | #22 | 237 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2020 | Republic of Ireland | male | #12 | 299 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2019 | Republic of Ireland | male | #6 | 345 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2018 | Republic of Ireland | male | #9 | 349 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2017 | Republic of Ireland | male | #9 | 389 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2016 | Republic of Ireland | male | #7 | 400 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2015 | Republic of Ireland | male | #6 | 449 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2014 | Republic of Ireland | male | #6 | 493 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2013 | Republic of Ireland | male | #6 | 518 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2012 | Republic of Ireland | male | #6 | 558 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2011 | Republic of Ireland | male | #7 | 637 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2010 | Republic of Ireland | male | #7 | 581 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2009 | Republic of Ireland | male | #7 | 618 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2008 | Republic of Ireland | male | #7 | 645 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2007 | Republic of Ireland | male | #6 | 659 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2006 | Republic of Ireland | male | #4 | 693 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2005 | Republic of Ireland | male | #3 | 710 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2004 | Republic of Ireland | male | #4 | 688 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2003 | Republic of Ireland | male | #3 | 787 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2002 | Republic of Ireland | male | #3 | 798 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2001 | Republic of Ireland | male | #3 | 833 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2000 | Republic of Ireland | male | #4 | 653 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1999 | Republic of Ireland | male | #5 | 588 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1998 | Republic of Ireland | male | #5 | 460 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1997 | Republic of Ireland | male | #12 | 532 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1996 | Republic of Ireland | male | #11 | 515 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1995 | Republic of Ireland | male | #14 | 433 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1994 | Republic of Ireland | male | #15 | 379 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1993 | Republic of Ireland | male | #21 | 332 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1992 | Republic of Ireland | male | #22 | 324 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1991 | Republic of Ireland | male | #31 | 257 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1990 | Republic of Ireland | male | #44 | 193 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1989 | Republic of Ireland | male | #56 | 130 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1988 | Republic of Ireland | male | #55 | 131 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1987 | Republic of Ireland | male | #68 | 106 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1986 | Republic of Ireland | male | #57 | 130 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1985 | Republic of Ireland | male | #66 | 112 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1984 | Republic of Ireland | male | #74 | 92 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1983 | Republic of Ireland | male | #67 | 117 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1982 | Republic of Ireland | male | #80 | 98 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1981 | Republic of Ireland | male | #88 | 74 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1980 | Republic of Ireland | male | #101 | 61 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1979 | Republic of Ireland | male | #106 | 54 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1978 | Republic of Ireland | male | #121 | 36 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1977 | Republic of Ireland | male | #138 | 26 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1976 | Republic of Ireland | male | #164 | 19 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1975 | Republic of Ireland | male | #150 | 21 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1974 | Republic of Ireland | male | #148 | 22 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1973 | Republic of Ireland | male | #143 | 23 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1972 | Republic of Ireland | male | #158 | 17 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1971 | Republic of Ireland | male | #164 | 16 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1970 | Republic of Ireland | male | #206 | 8 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1969 | Republic of Ireland | male | #196 | 9 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1968 | Republic of Ireland | male | #177 | 9 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1967 | Republic of Ireland | male | #245 | 4 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1966 | Republic of Ireland | male | #229 | 4 | High | Demonstration data |
| 1965 | Republic of Ireland | male | #157 | 11 | High | Demonstration data |
| 2024 | Scotland | male | #42 | 101 | High | Demonstration data |
- England and Wales hub — collected by Office for National Statistics
- New South Wales, Australia hub — collected by NSW Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages
- New Zealand hub — collected by NZ Department of Internal Affairs
- Northern Ireland hub — collected by NISRA
- Norway hub — collected by Statistics Norway (SSB)
- Republic of Ireland hub — collected by CSO Ireland
- Scotland hub — collected by National Records of Scotland
See methodology and data sources for how popularity data is collected and what "confidence" means.